Housing and environmental issues Essay

Community development officer: CDOs should have: †¢ the ability to communicate with a wide range of people †¢ the ability to manage a budget †¢ sensitivity in dealing with multi-cultural issues, such as religion †¢ networking skills and a good memory for names and faces †¢ the ability to work on their own initiative †¢ Commitment to social inclusion issues. CDOs may work for a local authority; he must also involve public decision in multi cultural communities housed by the associations. Public involvement in regeneration is widely held to be a good thing. There are very few who write about or comment on regeneration, however it is defined who do not claim that public involvement is an important if not essential component of effective and successful regeneration. And to a great extent this has been the position in the UK and elsewhere for well over a century. However, there are very few studies that have set out to measure and to analyse the impact of public involvement. In other words, few researchers have attempted to see what difference it makes in practice to involve the public and whether any such differences are positive, in the sense of being both anticipated and desired. There are, nevertheless, many studies that shed some light on the processes of public involvement and draw conclusions about its impact in specific cases. The conclusion of many of these studies is that public involvement did not work very well in practice: it was embarked upon too late; insufficient resources were provided to make it effective; the local environment was not very conducive; and key decisions continued to be taken by people not living in the areas affected. The importance of involving the public in attempts to improve and regenerate neighbourhoods has been recognised for many years. However, the consensus around the value and potential benefits of greater public involvement has probably never been stronger, not least because government has put it at the centre of its plans to modernise both the delivery of public services and the very processes of government. A simple theory of public participation The political imperatives driving forward the agenda of public participation are well established, but three stand out at present. First is the belief that participation is intrinsically good and worthwhile, and hence more participation is desirable. Second is the growing acknowledgement that many major policy issues do not appear to be capable of obvious resolution – they can be termed ‘wicked problems’ for this reason (Rittel and Weber, 1973). An obvious consequence of this recognition is to take a more open approach to their resolution, in other words to allow a wider range of partners into the arena of policy debate and hence to share the burden of resolution. Finally, there is a clear belief that greater participation is needed to stem if not reverse the apparent decline in social capital charted by Putnam (2001) and his followers (see DeFilipis, 2001). A slightly broader set of factors can be derived from the wider academic literature where at least four distinct explanations of or justification for greater public participation in government generally are apparent. Instrumentalist conceptions point to the fact that individuals are the best judges of their own interests and hence by participating in policy debates and political discussions they are best able to articulate and advance these interests. The job of government then lies in the aggregation of individual interests and the balancing of conflicting positions into a plausible public interest. Communitarian conceptions take a different approach and advocate a more collective or social approach among the participating public, such that a negotiated view of the public interest is provided to rather than by government. Of course government may then have to perform further rounds of aggregation or even facilitate further rounds of negotiation or consensus building, but the public plays a more prominent part in the social construction of their own idea of public interest. In this conception there is some degree of aggregation but government is still left to aggregate, adjudicate or reconcile the possibly conflicting views of different communities or even coalitions of communities. Educative approaches suggest that public participation helps in developing a more sophisticated understanding of the complexities of policy issues; of the ethical dilemmas and the need to make trade-offs for example between price and quality or between the achievement of short and long term priorities. Finally, expressive conceptions of participation emphasise the opportunity that political participation gives individuals to express their political identity. Through active campaigning, displaying posters, attending rallies, donating money or time, one is able to demonstrate to the world at large that fact that one is a feminist, a socialist, a conservative, a nationalist and so on. It is of course important also to bear in mind that political participation can involve much more than voting in periodic elections, or even campaigning in them. Attending meetings about issues of local or international concern and taking part in participatory events such as juries, consensus conferences or citizens juries are also important as is participation in ongoing campaigns or lobbies, again from local (save our school) to global (save our planet) issues. There is something of a paradox here, in that there is plentiful data available on formal political involvement in voting, but relatively little available on the more prosaic but nevertheless significant everyday acts of involvement, such as going to meetings or simply engaging socially and maybe politically with ones neighbours (Hoggett and Bishop, 1986). In recent years some regular and extensive surveys have begun to provide valuable data of this type, but it is still the case that many sophisticated models of community engagement, civic renewal and social capital, have been constructed on flimsy empirical foundations (Prime, Zimmeck & Zurawa, 2002). But to develop a simple model of participation we need to consider in some more detail questions along each of the three main dimensions implied in the expression: public participation in planning or policy making. Robert D. Putnam That Western society has changed dramatically since the middle of the 20th century. There is less agreement about what caused the changes, and whether they have been beneficial. One barometer of change in Western society is the level of ‘social capital’ (a concept popularised by Robert D. Putnam), which results from high levels of investment by citizens in their community. Putnam’s investigation of American society, Bowling Alone (2000), considers the full range of changes affecting America (and all western societies): declining participation in institutional Christianity; less involvement in sport and recreational clubs, politics, charitable causes, and volunteer work; and a radical re-shaping of the family though divorce, a lower birth rate, and a disinclination to marry at all. These trends, Putnam argues, result in diminished social capital. Putnam’s analysis of America holds for the three Anglophone members of George W. Bush’s ‘coalition of the willing,’ America, Britain and Australia, and may explain why hawkish, right-wing governments are the people’s choice at the start of the 21st century, despite an unprecedented liberality and inclusiveness throughout the second half of the 20th century. Putnam notes a range of factors responsible for civic disengagement: suburban sprawl; the popularity of television and electronic media; changed work patterns, including the large-scale entry of women into the workforce; and generational changes resulting in the ‘replacement of an unusually civic generation by several generations [Baby Boomers, Generations X and Y] †¦ that are less embedded in community life’ (p. 275). In the United States, where voting is optional, these developments dilute democracy, and societies with low participation rates tend to become distrustful. Untrusting citizens call for tougher; ‘law and order’ focused governments, resulting in the election of increasingly right-wing political parties. Social capital: 1. Definition The concept and theory of social capital dates back to the origins of social science; however, recent scholarship has focused on social capital as a subject of social organization and a potential source of value that can be harnessed and converted for strategic and gainful purposes. According to Robert David Putnam, the central premise of social capital is that social networks have value. Social capital refers to the collective value of all â€Å"social networks† and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other. Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions that underpin a society; it is the glue that holds them together However, social capital may not always be beneficial. Horizontal networks of individual citizens and groups that enhance community productivity and cohesion are said to be positive social capital assets whereas self-serving exclusive gangs and hierarchical patronage systems that operate at cross purposes to communitarian interests can be thought of as negative social capital burdens on society. 2. History of the research on the concept Robert David Putnam, if not the first one to write on the issue, is considered as the major author on the concept of social capital. He is a U. S. political scientist and professor at Harvard University, and is well-known for his writings on civic engagement and civil society along with social capital. However, his work is concentrated on the United States only. His most famous (and controversial) work, Bowling Alone, argues that the United States has undergone an unprecedented collapse in civic, social, associational, and political life (social capital) since the 1960s, with serious negative consequences. Though he measured this decline in data of many varieties, his most striking point was that virtually every traditional civic, social, and fraternal organization had undergone a massive decline in membership. From his research, a working group has formed at Harvard University and is called Saguaro Seminar. Most definitions around the social capital concept, notably those used by the World Bank, come from Putnam’s work and this research. 3. Measuring social capital The Saguaro Seminar, in the continuation of Putnam’s work, has been elaborating various means to measure the level of social capital in different contexts. It says on its website that measurement of social capital is important for the three following reasons: (a) Measurement helps make the concept of social capital more tangible for people who find social capital difficult or abstract; (b) It increases our investment in social capital: in a performance-driven era, social capital will be relegated to second-tier status in the allocation of resources, unless organizations can show that their community-building efforts are showing results; and (c) Measurement helps funders and community organizations build more social capital. Everything that involves any human interaction can be asserted to create social capital, but the real question is does it build a significant amount of social capital, and if so, how much? Is a specific part of an organization’s effort worth continuing or should it be scrapped and revamped? Do mentoring programs, playgrounds, or sponsoring block parties lead more typically to greater social capital creation? Measuring social capital: Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life. by Wendy Stone. Research paper no. 24, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2001, 38p, ISBN 0 642 39486 5 To inform the Institute’s Families, Social Capital and Citizenship project, this paper contributes to the development of clear links between theorised and empirical understandings of social capital by: establishing a theoretically informed measurement framework for empirical investigation of social capital; and reviewing existing measures of social capital in light of this framework. The paper concludes with a statement of guiding principles for the measurement and empirical investigation of social capital in family and community life. Social Capital as Credit Social capital, or aggregate reputation, is a form of credit. Some formal transactions can be supported by social capital. Informal transactions are rarely underpinned by financial credit or legal agreement and instead rely entirely social capital. We all have our internal calculators keeping tacit track of who is doing wrong and who is doing right, the health of the relationships and adjusting our actuarial tables according to experience. While undertaking government activities environment problems should also be considered. As it has became a global issue we need to take care of everything. Globalisation and cultural identity It is fair to say that the impact of globalization in the cultural sphere has, most generally, been viewed in a pessimistic light. Typically, it has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, victims of the accelerating encroachment of a homogenized, westernized, consumer culture. This view, the constituency for which extends from (some) academics to anti-globalization activists (Shepard and Hayduk 2002), tends to interpret globalization as a seamless extension of – indeed, as a euphemism for – western cultural imperialism. In this discussion which follows we approach this claim with a good deal of skepticism. we will not seek to deny the obvious power of globalized capitalism to distribute and promote its cultural goods in every corner. Nor will we take up the argument – now very commonly made by critics of the cultural imperialism thesis (Lull 2000; Thompson 1995; Tomlinson 1991) that a deeper cultural impact cannot be easily inferred from the presence of such goods. What we will try to argue is something more specific: that cultural identity, properly understood, is much more the product of globalization than its victim. Identity as Treasure To begin, let us sketch the implicit (for it is usually implicit) reasoning behind the assumption that globalization destroys identities. Once upon a time, before the era of globalization, there existed local, autonomous, distinct and well-defined, robust and culturally sustaining connections between geographical place and cultural experience. These connections constituted one’s – and one’s community’s – ‘cultural identity’. This identity was something people simply ‘had’ as an undisturbed existential possession, an inheritance, a benefit of traditional long dwelling, of continuity with the past. Identity, then, like language, was not just a description of cultural belonging; it was a sort of collective treasure of local communities. But it was also discovered to be something fragile that needed protecting and preserving that could be lost. Into this world of manifold, discrete, but to various degrees vulnerable, cultural identities there suddenly burst (apparently around the middle of the 1980s) the corrosive power of globalization. Globalization, so the story goes, has swept like a flood tide through the world’s diverse cultures, destroying stable localities, displacing peoples, bringing a market-driven, ‘branded’ homogenization of cultural experience, thus obliterating the differences between locality-defined cultures which had constituted our identities. Though globalization has been judged as involving a general process of loss of cultural diversity, some of course did better, some worse out of this process. Identity as Cultural Power Let us begin with identity, a concept which surely lies at the heart of our contemporary cultural imagination. It is not, in fact, difficult in the prolific literature of analysis of the concept to find positions which contest the story of identity as the victim of globalization. Identity and Institutional Modernity This brings the central claim that globalization actually proliferates rather than destroys identities. In this respect we depart somewhat from Castells’s position: in setting identity as a sort of autonomous cultural dynamic, surging up from the grassroots as an oppositional force to globalization, Castells really fails to see the rather compelling inner logic between the globalization process and the institutionalized construction of identities. This, in other way, lies in the nature of the institutions of modernity that globalization distributes. To put the matter simply: globalization is really the globalization of modernity, and modernity is the harbinger of identity. It is a common assumption that identity-formation is a universal feature of human experience. Castells seems implicitly to take this view when he writes: ‘Identity is people’s source of meaning and experience’ (1997: 6). But whilst it is true that the construction of meaning via cultural practices is a human universal, it does not follow that this invariably takes the form of identity construction as we currently understand it in the global-modern West. This form of ethnocentric assumption has been recently criticized both by anthropologists and media and cultural critics. Globalization and Modernity To appreciate this, it is necessary to take a more complex view of the globalization process than is often adopted – certainly in the polemical discourses of the anti-globalization movement, where globalization is essentially understood as the globalization of capitalism, achieved in its cultural aspect via a complicate western dominated media system. This more complex, multidimensional conceptualization, which views globalization as operating simultaneously and interrelated in the economic, technological-communicational, political and cultural spheres of human life, is in fact relatively un-contentious – at least in principle – within academic discourses. But the cultural implication, rather less easily swallowed by some, is that globalization involves not the simple enforced distribution of a particular western (say, liberal, secular, possessive-individualist, capitalist-consumerist) lifestyle, but a more complicated dissemination of the entire range of institutional features of cultural modernity. References Putnam, R (2001) Bowling Alone: the collapse and revival of American community, Touchstone, London Tomlinson, J (1999) Globalisation and culture, Policy Press, Cambridge Social capital: http://www. jrc. es/home/report/english/articles/vol85/ICT4E856. htm http://www. envplan. com/ http://www. infed. org/thinkers/putnam. htm http://www. naturaledgeproject. net/NAON_ch11. aspx

Design of “Vertical” Greenhouses

General Info: Greenhouses provide us with great benefits, for case, turning harvests in utmost climes or in such parts where dirts are non suited for farming. For the first clip this thought was mentioned in the Ancient Rome, when Roman engineers made a rock room with translucent roof to turn harvests and protect them from searing Sun and terrible storms. Several centuries have passed and the construct of the nursery changed radically: walls and roof became crystalline, computing machine controls irrigational systems and climate control can automatically take suited air temperature and humidness. Furthermore, the design has besides changed ; presents it is preferred to construct egg-shaped nurseries with dome-like roofs because they permit light through much easier than ordinary nurseries with traditional roof tops. ( Sky Greens, 2011 ) Singapore interior decorators turned the design of nursery upside down and won National Development’s R & A ; D Award back in 2011 ( Merit Award ) . They ma de it perpendicular and it has several positive facets: it can be put in the centre of the metropolis, takes less country on the land and does non botch the futuristic design of the metropolis. Furthermore Singapore became pioneer metropolis in researching and implementing this thought in existent life. Undertakings: EDITT Tower ( Singapore ) The first undertaking that appeared on designs was the EDITT Tower. It was proposed in 1998 and it skoked people by its extraordinary. The position of this undertaking is â€Å"pending† now. After suggesting the EDITT Tower in 1998 the street life was brought to the upper degrees trough broad landscaped inclines. These street activities were lined with these inclines ( eating houses, observation decks, coffeehouse, stores, stables, public presentation infinites and etc. ) . However despite all these attractive forces that maved at that place, EDITT Tower was named as ‘hierarchy of ecosystems’ . It provides life and comfort staying as for people, as for harvests that can be grown at that place. The chief intents for this tower were: attract, supply comfort and increase biodiversity and organic mass, rehabitate ecosystems, preserve and preserve. EDITT Tower ( 2008 ) This tower is enormously ‘eco-friendly’ in malice that it was designed in 1998, it was already designed, photovoltaic panels, rainforest roll uping and recycling, gray H2O and waste separation and intervention systems to be constitutional ( mention to segment ‘How it works’ to cognize more about each system ) * . Suggested country to build this edifice is in the centre of Singapore. EDITT Tower ; overall position ( 2008 ) EDITT Tower, Floor program ( 2008 ) Technical Datas: Climate for harvests: Rainforst Vegetation: Rainforest Site country: 838 m2; Entire GFA ( Gross Floor Area ) 6,033 m2 Number of floors: 26 ; Sums up to: 6,033 m2/ 26 = 232 m2on each floor Solar energy Autonomy: 39.7 % Sewage Recycling per annum: 15,190 m3 Water Autonomy: 55.1 % Embodied Energy** : 142,841.20 GJ/m2 **Embodied Energy – entire primary energy ( crude oil, energy, gas ) consumed in Gigajoules on mean 80 KG of CO2per GJ. Planted Areas: 63 % of the edifice country. Totals up to: 6,033 m2– 63 % = 3,800 m2are used for turning. Type of the Building: Mixed-use Facilities, Offices. Date: 1998 Designed by: T.R. Hamzah and Yeang. Solaris Tower ( Singapore ) The first undertaking of the mixed-use edifice ( including perpendicular farms ) that was truly built. TR Hamzah & A ; Yeang designed Solaris in 2008, linking nature and humanity. Several sky Bridgess linking skygardens and offices between two towers. Even though that EDITT Tower consists of 26 floors, Solaris has merely 15, nevertheless it has more infinite for landscape gardening, around 8,000 m2. Solaris is a re-designed theoretical account of the EDITT Tower. There are new implementions: the new architectural design called ‘Eco-Cell’ was placed on the top degrees of the tower. The ‘Eco-cell’ is a combination of gardens with different harvests inside that were placed on the top degrees in combine with different eating houses and bars. Besides the edifice has the ‘Solar Shaft’ that penetrates the upper floors and allows the daytime to come in. Likewise several detectors scan the sum of the daytime in the edifice and cut down the sum of energy for the lamps, when they don’t need it and the energy ingestion lessenings. ‘Naturally Ventilated Grand Atrium’ IS a engeneeres’ development that allows air to come in, non utilizing ordinary airing systems. The operable glass roof protects the edifice from any component that can ab initio come in. Furthermore Harmonizing to Eco Infrastructure by T.R. Hamzah and Yeang ( 2009 ) ‘The building’s overall energy ingestion will stand for a decrease of over 33 % compared to local case in points and the undertaking is on mark to transcend BCA’s** GreenMark Platinum evaluation, the highest possible enfranchisement granted by Singapore’s sustainable edifice benchmark’ . The intent of this edifice is the same as EDITT’s Tower: rehabitate ecosystems, preserve and preserve. Solaris Singapore ( 2013 ) Solaris Singapore Aerial View ( 2013 ) Solaris Singapore Roof Garden ( 2013 ) Solaris Singapore Lobby ( 2013 ) Solaris Singapore Building Plan ( 2013 ) Solaris Singapore Ecological Design Features ( 2013 ) How it works: The map of these ‘extraordinary’ stylish, ultra-modern perpendicular nurseries does non differ from their opposite number. However, if you enter them you can happen some differences: in some edifices the sunshine will be replaced with extremely efficient LED lamps. They contain glass walls, and solar panels or weave turbines that make them stand out and tout sustainable energy beginnings. Crops are on a regular basis irrigated and its ‘grey water’ is so recycled and used once more. ( How Stuff Works 2013 ) Furthermore, methane, besides called ‘biogas’ that is produced by workss, is collected and stored in particular containers and used as alternate beginning of energy. Consequently ‘biogas’ and ‘grey water’ are non released into the ambiance or dumped into the sea or the river. What crops can be grown at that place? Harmonizing to Bright Agrotech of 2013, ‘plants range from traditional nursery harvests like tomatoes and Cucumis sativuss to traditional Nutrient Film Technique ( NFT ) harvests such as boodle and salad greens.’ Furthermore, if your nursery has aquaponic systems you can turn anything at that place. Harmonizing to Vertical Food Blog 2013, the best harvests for this type of nursery are the 1s with really fast bends such as rosemary, basil, marjoram, mustard leafy vegetables, and boodles, because they will take down your costs, addition returns and minimise liabilities. How it can be implemented in the UAE? From older times UAE is celebrated by its clime, nevertheless the dirt is non acceptable to turn any type of harvests at that place, furthermore open-roof farms will non protect harvests from sand storms. Likewise it can be a great opportunity to implement this thought to the UAE’s local local market. Furthermore some fruits and veggies that are brought from other states can be reduced up to 40 per centum. If tis economic scheme becomes effectual, it will pull more clients to purchase local merchandises and do UAE go independent from other countries-suppliers. Bruno G. ( 2012 ) . Dave ‘s Garden. A Short History of the Greenhouse. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/3607/ # B [ Accessed 18 December 2013 ] . Sky Gardens. ( 2011 ) . Our Company. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //skygreens.appsfly.com/products [ Accessed 18 December 2013 ] Silverman J. Will at that place be farms in New York City ‘s skyscrapers? How stuff plants. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/issues/vertical-farming1.htm [ Accessed 18 December 2013 ] Robinson N. Vertical nutrient web log. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //verticalfoodblog.com/best-crops-for-vertical-farming/ [ Accessed 18 December 2013 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildingArchive2012/SolarisSingapore/tabid/3854/language/en-GB/Default.aspx – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.designbuild-network.com/projects/solaris-fusionopolis/solaris-fusionopolis5.html Solaris Singapore ( images and Text ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //inhabitat.com/editt-tower-by-trhamzah-and-yeang/ EDITT Tower ( images and text ) .

Research study on treatment for acute otitis media Assignment

Research study on treatment for acute otitis media - Assignment Example The sampling approach may however suffer from threats of unrepresentative sample but the researchers addressed this reliability threat through application of a large sample space. Implementing a double blind approach to the study is another measure that the researchers undertook to address validity and reliability issues, core to which is prejudice into bias. Double blind scope however eliminates such a prejudice from research participants and the researcher. Another measure that the researchers implemented towards ensuring validity and reliability was using an experimental design in which the difference between the experimental group and the placebo group validates treatment effect. Lack of such an experimental set up induces uncertainty as to effects of independent variable. In addition to the double blind approach, the researchers ensured independence of the study from their influence by contracting an independent party to implement the study, and initiative that managed researche r bias at the data collection process towards validity. use of an experimental design, application of a double blind approach, randomization, and using an independent party to implement the study are therefore measures that the authors undertook to address validity and reliability issues (Tahtinen et al.,

Identify and critically evaluate the most significant suitability Essay

Identify and critically evaluate the most significant suitability issues affecting Events or the events industry. What are the prospects for the future - Essay Example There may also be less financial objectives correlated with the thoughts and the feelings during and after the event, of those who are attending it (Raj & Et. Al., 2008). In the paper, a particular event industry will be studied in relation to its sustainable development along with the principles of sustainable operations within the industry. Various facets comprising their financial factors, environmental influence, environmental ethics, various sustainability issues along with their benefits, threats and risks, corporate social responsibilities toward the consumers, environmental audit, marketing procedures and public relations, change of climate and its implications along with carbon footprints and budgets will be taken into the consideration in the discussion of this paper. The paper has been focused particularly on sport events and sport event industry. According to Jones, sustainable development is regarded as the capacity to make sustainable development and also provides a surety that it can comply with the needs of the current situation without considering the capability of future expectations (Jones, 2010). From the ecological or environmental point of view, a sustainable system relating with the environment maintains a constant supply of resources along with avoiding overuse of renewable resources or harmful environmental functions and ultimately diminishes non-renewable resources to a certain extent (Harris, 2000) From the economic point of view, a sustainable development focuses mainly on performing various actions in order to create a better future for the people. Also, it identifies the situations where market prices of the economy do not properly match with the external costs (Harris, 2000). From the social perspective, a sustainable system should perform various functions like proper allocation of equity; maintain the requisites of social services like healthiness,

Television as a Cultural Transporter in Human Lives Essay

Television as a Cultural Transporter in Human Lives - Essay Example Man has been benefiting by the abovementioned term that has powerfully provided an informative, as well as, interactive platform throughout the world. Briefly, various services and resources have been collected and provided by the television in an entertaining manner for the improvement and promotion of humankind. In the history of humankind, the field of communication has developed a lot, and one of the most outstanding innovations is conceivably, the television. (Burns, pp. 52-56, 1998) However, everything has its advantages, as well as, disadvantages, and it depends upon the person to either benefit by it, or allow the matter to harm the surroundings. Thus, television and television broadcasting has also advantages, as well as, drawbacks; however, disadvantages have been outweighed by the superior enormity of its advantages. Although, it is a common thought that the principle ingredients of the television are dramas, soaps, advertising, and the news. However, television constitutes of more than the abovementioned tools and resources, which will be discussed in this paper. Nowadays, contemporary state of affairs has been benefiting by this tool, which has proved itself as one of the best among rest of the world. Today, a single room has been presented as a new and innovative appearance of the whole globe. (Dornfield, pp. 51-54, 1998) Currently, a student can even acquire his education on the television without even standing up from his chair. On the other hand, a businessperson can make a deal by being updated of best suppliers, as well as, latest technologies around the world without any visa application, as well as, without any travelling expenses, which was not possible some decades ago. Moreover, a South African can catch latest news of an event occurring in United Kingdom, which has only become possible due to the availability of the television broadcasting in almost every corner of the world. In addition, hundreds of channels can be seen and entertain millions of viewers and captivate them within some remote clicks, and without collecting the videos that require lots of space. Interestingly, shopping can also be done on television within minutes with the help of credit cards without roaming in the rush of shopping malls, which has been greatly appreciated by the female populace of the globe. Thus, television has become a matter of just fingertips, and has promoted, as well as, assisted the humans in achieving a better and improved place in their lives. (Cole, pp. 32-38, 1970) In other words, a small global village has been formed by the creation and introduction of television into the human lives. Communication has become a matter of seconds from one corner of the world to another. A number of news channels have been established to provide current affairs, recent updates, breaking news, business news, etc. to millions of viewers from different and diverse cultures around the globe. Reliability and speed is being innovated and improved day by day, which has changed the perceptions of humans at all. It is now just a fraction of second to check the weather report of an African city, or study the European culture from the

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business - Essay Example Due to the widespread interconnectivity provided to the masses by the high speed internet services, the various geographical boundaries and barriers are becoming increasingly less important. As such, the world is turning into what can only be described as a type of global village where nations highly interconnected with one another and their strategies and plans have the power to impact millions of lives on the face of the earth (Desai 2012, p.115). Likewise, the economic, political, social and technological factors of a particular nation can prove to be beneficial as well as competitive to many other nations, who are developing and emerging at varying paces or have established themselves in a more secured manner over the time as compared to others. As such, this brief will consider the emergent case of the economy of India. India is comprised of one of the most attractive markets that fall in the category of the fastest emerging markets around the world. With a GDP of over $1.8 tril lion, the Indian market looks extremely attractive for investments by foreign institutional investors (Mukherjee 2009, p. 59). Apart from that, because of the highly diversified population mix and increasing per capita income, India has emerged as a unique market for consumables for multinationals around the globe. This provides corporations with opportunities to acquire growth and generate revenue from such a high opportunity market. However, for a better understanding of the â€Å"India advantage†, as some commentators have called it, in terms of emerging market, a PEST analysis is required. Political The political parties of India have to help and to shape the development of the various factors that contributed to the process of economic development within India as an important emerging market in the global forum. The most important contribution that has been made by the political parties in the development of the Indian nation is the process of opening up of the Indian ec onomy in the early 1990’s. The opening up of the Indian economies contributed to the a greatly in flow of foreign funds. These foreign funds and investment naturally contributed to the overall growth and development of the nation over the past two decades. Likewise, the various political powers played a large role within the process of formation of various favorable trade policies and agreements that

Pre-hospital care the effects of adequate chest compression to cardiac Research Paper

Pre-hospital care the effects of adequate chest compression to cardiac arrest patients - Research Paper Example This essay will discuss the effect of chest compression in the management of patients or victims of cardiac arrest. Chest compression involves multiple anatomical structures. Importantly, it involves all the systems significant in oxygenation of tissues. The three systems involved are the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. The respiratory system involves the airways, the ribcage and the attached intercostal muscles. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels that supply the lungs while the nervous system involve the nervous system that supply the above structures that sense (Tortora & Derrickson, 2008). Cardiac arrest involves sudden stoppage or cessation in cardiac activity resulting to hemodynamic collapse. Typically, this is due to sustained ventricular fibrillations or tachycardia. Other common conditions that lead to cardiac arrest include myocardial infarction, brain hemorrhage, severe multiple traumas or severe electrolyte imbalance in the body. Following arrest, the blood flow is altered with less than 30 % delivery to the lungs. Consequently, the amount of oxygenated blood circulating in the body system decrease leading to death of vital organs like brain, heart and kidneys. If not arrested early, the brain may die within six second due to hypoxia. Chest compression is, therefore, meant to increase oxygen delivery to the vital centers before the definitive treatment measure is put in place. Sudden cardiac arrest is mostly associated with coronary heart disease. Therefore, any condition that predisposes one to coronary disease may be a risk factor to cardiac arrest. These factors include old age, diabetes, and obesity, high blood pressure, smoking sedentary lifestyle, high blood cholesterol and familiar history of coronary disease. Another factor that may predispose one to a heart attack is a previous

Creativity and entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creativity and entrepreneurship - Essay Example The social network studies scholars had claimed that creativity of an individual or a concern is significantly dependent on social networks that are static over time. The static network concepts are basically one network point at a time. Here networks are either described on the basis of their position or strength. However, it should be noted that the precise relationship existing between social network and creativity is not clearly known. Even so, it is believed that creativity of an individual or an organization is a component of social process. At the initial stages it was believed that social networking viewpoint of creativity was only a â€Å"one dimensional static concept† (Perry-Smith and Shalley, 2003). However, over time it is found that the concept can be multidimensional in nature, including both static and dynamic perspectives. Creativity and progress of an organization can only be tackled by its promoters or entrepreneurs. This essay will analyze the most appropri ate approach of social networking perspective of creativity in context of entrepreneurship. The social network perspective has been advocated by Perry-Smith and Shalley (2003), which identifies interpersonal interaction and interpersonal communication as two important antecedents or precursors to creativity. This concept has been previously agreed upon by various scholars such as Amabile (1996) and Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin (1993), proposing that communication of information and ideas enhance creativity. Interpersonal communication has been linked to creativity and knowledge level skills. Similarly, interpersonal interaction includes communication with people across diverse backgrounds, specialization areas and responsibilities (Woodman et al., 1993). Thus, one of the major factors differentiating social network perspective is its dynamic relationship and

High school graduation speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

High school graduation speech - Essay Example Unfortunately, in this kind of war, every warrior is often rewarded differently based on individual effort. How would learning be if we all knew that the end result would be the same? If only we knew that we would all be given a certain grade during graduation. Sincerely, I would recall all those cold nights and dawns I spent on books and I know some of us are already allergic to the term â€Å"books† at least for sometime before embarking on college journey. If your heart is not thumping as hard as mine right now, then you must be of the most unique types in the history of education. As we spend our last chapter of high school together, we must acknowledge that we are all different. This morning as I was brushing my teeth, I looked at my hand and was trying to imagine why my fingers have varying lengths. Even though I could not establish a very good answer, I realized that we are like our fingers. Every one of us has a distinct capacity and talent. We are all achievers in our own ways. However, do not forget that education is a single train that does not care about other strengths, but what you can show academically. And today, your performance in examination will determine if you are to proceed to the next level or not. I hope I will be among those who get into the next train for I have grown too huge to continue ridding on this one. However, for those who will not make it, this is not the end of the road. All you need is to review your path and rectify where things went wrong. The next time you are in a math class and something does not seem to sink deep into that head, do not think twice: just ask. What harm will it do you if people think you are dumb? It is true people will laugh at you and even mock you, but in the long-run, the mockery shall have died and you will be holding on to what you learnt. Perhaps, this is why you failed, you never asked for fear of people making fun of you! Failure is not the end of life, but should be embraced as a

The Split-Cycle Engine Essay Example for Free

The Split-Cycle Engine Essay The Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. The gas passage includes a set of uniquely timed valves, which maintain a prechargedpressure through all four strokes of the cycle. Shortly after the piston in the power cylinder reaches its top dead center position, the gas is quickly transferred to the power cylinder and fired (or combusted) to produce the power stroke. Split-cycle internal combustion engine claims have the potential to double fuel efficiency for same size engine, while reducing the manufacturing price by up to 50% which includes a built in dedicated compressor. Rather than using batteries and electric motors/generators to harness braking energy, the engine uses the air compressor. A split cycle engine includes a novel compressor apparatus driven by the combustion engine, a closed-cycle refrigeration system in cooperation with the compressor apparatus, and a pneumatic motor driven by compressed air from the compressor apparatus. Refrigerant in the compressor absorbs thermal energy from compressed air and assists in compressing the air. High-pressure air from the compressor is stored in a storage tank and may be used to drive the pneumatic motor or other auxiliary equipment in addition to providing high-pressure combustion air for the internal combustion engine Introduction An engine includes a crankshaft having a crank throw, the crankshaft rotating about crankshaft axis. A compression piston is slid ably received within a compression cylinder and operatively connected to the crankshaft such that the compression piston reciprocates through an intake stroke and a compression stroke of a four stroke cycle during a single rotation of the crankshaft. An expansion piston is slid ably received within an expansion cylinder. A connecting rod is pivotally connected to the expansion piston. A mechanical linkage rotationally connects the crank throw to the connecting rod about a connecting rod/crank throw axis such that the expansion piston reciprocates through an expansion stroke and an exhaust stroke of the four stroke cycle during the same rotation of the crankshaft. A non-circular path is established by the mechanical linkage which the connecting rod/crank throw axis travels around the crankshaft axis. Moving Engine Technology into the 21st Century The first four-stroke piston engine was developed in 1876. This four-stroke piston arrangement is still the primary design of engines built today. Today’s engines operate at only 33% efficiency. This means that only 1/3 of the energy in each gallon of fuel is used the rest is lost through friction and heat. With over a billion engines currently in use worldwide, even small gains in efficiency will have huge impacts on the economy, dependency on foreign oil, and the environment. Despite immense efforts over the past century, engine efficiency has remained the same. The Heart Of The Engine Needs To Change: The heart of the internal combustion engine is a piston moving up and down in a cylinder connected to a crankshaft. Its simplicity makes improving performance almost impossible. Small improvements have proven difficult and large improvements have been considered impossible. Improving the four-stroke piston design has become the Rubik’s Cube of engineering, a puzzle that nobody has been able to solve until now. While the industry struggles for gains in the 1% range, the design of the Split-Cycle Technology pushes engine efficiency and performance to an entirely new level. Conventional Engine Design The heart of the internal combustion engine is a piston connected to a crankshaft, moving up and down in a cylinder through the four strokes of the Otto Cycle, the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes. In a typical four-stroke cycle engine, power is recovered from the combustion process in these four separate piston strokes within each single cylinder. This basic design has not changed for more than 100 years. The Various Strokes And Stages Involved A. Intake and Compression: The basic concept of the Split Cycle Engine is to divide the four strokes of a standard engine over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power (or expansion) cylinder. These two cylinders perform their respective functions once per crankshaft revolution. The concept is illustrated in Figures 1 through 8. A common misconception is that twice as many cylinders are required. This is simply not accurate. Because this engine fires every revolution instead of every other revolution, the number of power strokes produced is equal to the power strokes produced by two of the conventional piston/cylinder designs. A four cylinder engine would still have four cylinders. There would simply be two sets of paired cylinders instead of four individual cylinders. In the configuration shown, an intake charge is drawn into the compression cylinder through typical poppet-style valves. B .Compression Stroke The compression cylinder then pressurizes (Fig. 2) the charge and drives the charge through the crossover passage, which acts as the intake port for the power cylinder. In this illustration, a check valve (best seen in Figures 6, 7 and 8) is used to prevent reverse flow from the crossover passage to the compression cylinder, and likewise a poppet-style valve (crossover valve) prevents reverse flow from the power cylinder to the crossover passage. The check valve and crossover valve are timed to maintain pressure in the crossover passage at or above firing conditions during an entire four stroke cycle. C. Power and Exhaust: Combustion occurs soon after the intake charge enters the power cylinder from the crossover passage. This means that the start of combustion occurs after the power cylinder passes through its top dead center position. The resulting combustion drives the power cylinder down. Exhaust gases are than pumped out of the power cylinder through a poppet valve to start the cycle over again. D. Previous Split-Cycle Designs There have been other similar split-cycle engine designs in the past, but they have never been able to match the thermal efficiency levels of the standard four-stroke engine. This is due in large part to the fact that, as the gas is transferred from the crossover passage to the power cylinder in the prior engine designs, the gas has always been allowed to over-expand in the power cylinder and then must be recompressed before initiating combustion. The extra work required to recompress the gas greatly reduces efficiency levels.

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red

Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red Syed Ibrahim Chromatographic Separation of Hemoglobin from Phenol Red by Gel Filtration Introduction From catalysis to transport, proteins take part in countless cellular processes (Nelson Cox, 2008). However, due to their small size, proteins can be challenging to work with in the lab. To overcome this hurdle, scientists have developed many fractionation techniques including centrifugation, precipitation, dialysis, and chromatography (Alberts et al., 2008). Chromatography is one of the most versatile laboratory techniques as it is used in many fields of study (Partridge, 1952; Silva et al., 2014). There are several types of chromatography, and each separates molecules based on different properties. Size-exclusion gel filtration is a type of column chromatography which resolves molecules based on their size (Duong Gabelli, 2013). In the column, there is a cross-linked polymer matrix with pores of a predetermined size (Scott, 2003). Small molecules are more likely to spend time in the pore, so they migrate slower and thus elute in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules are less likely to enter the pore, so they migrate faster and thus elute in earlier fractions (de Jong et al., 2015). There are numerous types of column matrices, such as Sephadex G (composed of dextran and epichlorohydrin) and Sepharose (consisting of agarose) (GE, 2015). Each matrix has different sized pores and thus different ranges of molecular sizes that it can separate, called fractionation ranges (de Jong et al., 2015). In this lab, Sephadex G-25, which has a fractionation range of 1,000-5,000Da, was the column matrix (de Jong et al., 2015). Hemoglobin and phenol red were also used. Hemoglobin is a protein found primarily found in mammalian red blood cells, and is used to transport oxygen from an organism’s lungs to its tissues (Seeley, 2014). Phenol red is a chemical compound that changes color depending on the pH of the chemical environment, and so it is typically used as a pH indicator (Klein, 2012). Hemoglobin has a molecular weight of 64,500Da while phenol red has a molecular weight of 354.38Da (de Jong et al., 2015). It was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the pores of the Sephadex G-25 resin, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was expected that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. Purpose The goal of this lab was to separate a mixture containing hemoglobin and phenol red using size-exclusion gel filtration. As well, the aim was to compare the standard and literature wavelengths of maximum absorption of hemoglobin and phenol red. Results The results from this experiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1. Fraction volumes from size-exclusion gel filtration using Sephadex G25. The size-exclusion gel filtration separated a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Table 2. Peak absorbance and wavelength of standard hemoglobin and phenol red. Using a Beckman spectrophotometer, the wavelength profile between 380nm and 600nm of two standard samples was determined. The standard hemoglobin sample contained 250ÃŽ ¼L of 0.8% hemoglobin, while the standard phenol red sample consisted of 20ÃŽ ¼L of 0.2% phenol red. Based on the graph, the maximum absorbance values and the corresponding wavelengths were determined. Questions and Research Question 1: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin spectroscopy Reference: DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: hemoglobin Soret band absorptivity (sorted by relevance) Reference: Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: phenol red maximum wavelength absorption Reference: LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Based on the graph from Blackboard, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) are shown in Table 2. For the standard hemoglobin sample ÃŽ »max = 410nm, and for the standard phenol red sample ÃŽ »max = 560nm. Based on the literature, hemoglobin and related proteins are known to give three bands of maximum absorption: ÃŽ ±-band, ÃŽ ²-band, and Soret band (DiFeo et al., 1990). For normal adult hemoglobin (HgA), the wavelength of maximum absorbance in the Soret band is ÃŽ »max = 415nm (Akuwudike et al., 2010). The wavelengths of maximum absorbance of phenol red changes based on pH. At a pH of 8.2, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm while at a pH of 6, phenol red has ÃŽ »max = 430-435 (LobaChemie, 2015). This change in maximum absorbance with respect to pH is understandable because phenol red is a common pH indicator, meaning it changes color based on pH (Nelson Cox, 2008). The literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance are summarized in Table 3. The experimental and literature values were fairly close, and their variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer and pH of the solvent. Table 3. Literature and experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance. The experimental wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) were obtained from Table 2. The literature ÃŽ »max of hemoglobin (HgA) was based on Akuwudike et al (2010). The literature ÃŽ »max of phenol red at pH = 8.2 was based on LobaChemie (2015). Question 2: Based on the data collected in this experiment, it is impossible to determine whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. To determine its purity, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm (similar to the one posted on Blackboard). If the eluted hemoglobin curve has only one peak (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm), it contains only hemoglobin. However, it the curve has two peaks (ÃŽ »max = 410-415nm and ÃŽ »max = 557-5605nm), then the eluted fraction contains both hemoglobin and phenol red. Question 3: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: size-exclusion gel filtration (sorted by relevance) Reference: Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644. In this experiment, size-exclusion gel filtration was carried out, so hemoglobin and phenol red were separated based on size or more quantitatively based on molecular weight (Nelson Cox, 2008; Wang et al., 2005). Smaller molecules, such as phenol red, spend more time in the pores and are eluted in later fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Conversely, larger molecules molecules, such as hemoglobin, spend almost no time in the pores and are eluted in earlier fractions (Nelson Cox, 2008). Question 4: Search Engine: Web of Science Search Terms: chromatography theory (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: chromatography theory column length (sorted by relevance) Reference: Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Based on the plate theory of chromatography, the resolution (R) is influenced by numerous factors including the plate number (N) (Lee et al., 1993). The plate number is affected by many elements of the column including column length and inner column radius (Bedani et al., 2006). Based on mathematical relationships, it has been determined that longer columns lead to increased resolution (Lee et al., 1993; Nelson Cox, 2008). Thus longer chromatography columns will separate molecules better than shorter columns. Question 5: In order to separate ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase (75,000Da) and ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase (MW 100,000Da) the Sephadex G-100 resin would be ideal. This is because the molecular weight of both enzymes is within the fractionation range of this resin (4,000-150,000Da) (de Jong et al., 2015). The heavier protein (ÃŽ ²1,2-xylosidase) will elute before the lighter protein (ÃŽ ²1,3-galactosidase). Question 6: The fractionation range of Sephadex G-100 is 4,000-150,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Alcohol dehydrogenase (MW 140,000Da) falls within this range, while aldehyde dehydrogenase (MW 200,000Da) is above the range. Since both enzymes are not on the same extreme of the fractionation range, aldehyde dehydrogenase will elute very quickly and alcohol dehydrogenase will elute shortly after. Thus, Sephadex G-100 can be used to resolve alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, it would be ideal to use Sephadex G-200 because the molecular weight of both enzymes would be within the fractionation range of 5,000-600,000Da (de Jong et al., 2015). Question 7: Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: â€Å"fast protein liquid chromatography† (sorted by relevance) Reference: Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Search Engine: Google Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography Reference: Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research.Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography Search Engine: PubMed Search Terms: fast protein liquid chromatography use Reference: Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is an automated chromatography technique that uses columns with a small inner diameter (Goke Keim, 1992; Sheehan O’Sullivan, 2004). By means of pumps and valves, the FPLC system regulates how fast the liquid mobile phase moves down the agarose stationary phase a constant, and maintains a constant flow rate (Lavanya et al., 2011). As well, based on the readings of the UV detector and conductivity meter, the FPLC system is able to control how and when the eluted fractions should be separated (Bio-Rad, 2015). There are variations of FPLC that allow proteins to separated base on size, charge or hydrophobicity (Verbeke Verbruggen, 1996). FPLC, as its name suggests is quite useful in analyzing and purifying protein mixtures (Lavanya et al., 2011). For example, FPLC has been used to identify zinc-containing proteins in rat saliva; and it has also been used to separate and analyze pancreatic juice in order to examine disease-causing proteins (Lavanya et al., 2011). Conclusion In this lab, a mixture of hemoglobin and phenol red was resolved using sizeexclusion gel filtration. Since Sephadex G-25 (fractionation range 1,000-4,000Da) was used as the column matrix, it was expected that hemoglobin would be completely excluded from the matrix pores, allowing it to elute in early fractions. As well, it was anticipated that phenol red would be completely included in the gel, making it elute in later fractions. The hemoglobin/phenol red mixture was separated into four fractions and their respected volumes are shown in Table 1. In theory, fraction A contained void volume, fraction B contained hemoglobin, fraction C contained the buffer only, and fraction D contained phenol red. Due to time and budget constraints, the absorbance of the eluted fractions was not analyzed. However based on an absorbance-vs-wavelength graph, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) for standard hemoglobin (ÃŽ »max = 410nm) and standard phenol red (ÃŽ »max = 560nm) were determined, as described in Table 2. These values were also compared to literature values, as shown in Table 3. Normal adult hemoglobin (HgA) is known to have maximum absorbance at ÃŽ »max = 415nm, while phenol red is known to have ÃŽ »max = 557-560nm. The experimental and literature values were fairly close to one another, and their slight variance may be accounted for due to difference in the buffer used and pH of the solvent. For further research, spectroscopy of the eluted hemoglobin (fraction B) would need to be conducted in order to draw a wavelength-vs-absorbance graph between 380nm and 600nm. This would help to clarify whether the eluted hemoglobin is free of phenol red. References Akuwudike, A. R., Chikezie, P. C., Chilaka, F. C. (2010). Absorption spectra of normal adult and sickle cell haemoglobins treated with hydrogen peroxide at two pH values. Adv. Biomed. Res, 1, 55-60. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2008).Molecular Biology of the Cell(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. Bedani, F., et al. (2006). A theoretical basis for parameter selection and instrument design in comprehensive size-exclusion chromatographyÃâ€" liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1133(1), 126-134. Bio-Rad. (2015). Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. Bio-Rad Life Science Research. Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://www.bio-rad.com/en-ca/applications-technologies/fast-protein-liquid-chromatography de Jong, M., Botelho, R., Antonescu, C., Wakarchuk, W. (2015).Laboratory Manual: Biochemistry- BCH261(Winter 2015 ed.). Toronto: Ryerson University. DiFeo, T. J., Addison, A. W., Stephanos, J. J. (1990). Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of haemoglobin and myoglobin from Urechis caupo. Distal residue effects. Biochem. J, 269, 739-747. Duong-Ly, K. C., Gabelli, S. B. (2013). Gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) of proteins. Methods in enzymology, 541, 105-114. GE. (2015). Product Catalog. GE Healthcare Life Sciences. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.gelifesciences.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/catalog/en/ GELifeSciences/products/products_by_technology/ Goke, B., Keim, V. (1992). HPLC and FPLC. Recent progress in the use of automated chromatography systems for resolution of pancreatic secretory proteins. International Journal of Pancreatology, 11(2), 109-116. Klein, D. R. (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Lavanya, G., et al. (2011). Protein Chromatography. J Biomed Sci and Res, 3(3), 424-438. Lee, W. C., Tsai, G. J., Tsao, G. T. (1993). Analysis of chromatography by plate theory. Separations Technology, 3(4), 178-197. LobaChemie. (2015). Phenol Red. Laboratory Reagents and Fine Chemicals. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from http://www.lobachemie.com/pH-Indicator-05180/PHENOL-RED-CASNO-143-74-8.aspx Nelson, D., Cox, M. (2008). Lehningers Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York, N.Y.: WH Freeman and Company. Partridge, M. W. (1952). Chromatography and its applications in pharmacy. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(1), 217-230. Scott, R. P. (2003). Principles and practice of chromatography. Chrom-Ed Book Series, 1. Seeley, R. (2014). Seeleys Anatomy Physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sheehan, D., O’Sullivan, S. (2004). Fast protein liquid chromatography. In Protein purification protocols (pp. 253-258). Humana Press. Silva, J., Teodoro, J., Afonso, R., Aquino, S., Augusti, R. (2014). Photolysis and photocatalysis of ibuprofen in aqueous medium: characterization of byà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ products via liquid chromatography coupled to highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ resolution mass spectrometry and assessment of their toxicities against Artemia Salina. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 49(2), 145-153. Verbeke, K., Verbruggen, A. (1996). Usefulness of fast protein liquid chromatography as an alternative to high performance liquid chromatography of 99m Tc-labelled human serum albumin preparations. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 14(8), 1209-1213. Wang, Q., et al. (2005). Molecular characterisation of soybean polysaccharides: an approach by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and static light scattering methods. Carbohydrate research, 340(17), 2637-2644.

Environmental Ethics Essay -- Ethics Philosophy Global Warming Climate

"At the current rate, we're headed for and environmental disaster," many say, but how much truth does that statement hold. Have humans really destroyed, pillaged, and polluted enough to cause a serious, wide scale, disaster? If not, then can we continue on without changing, and not learn from our mistakes? If so, then can we do anything today that will bring about a tomorrow available to us? All of these questions hold great pertinence for our current situation. Humans don't exactly hold the best track record for environmental protection and preservation. Throughout time we have exploited nature and its creatures for our own benefit. We have made technological advances that threaten and disrupt the environment with total disregard for that fact. We took slipshod short cuts that are now catching up to us today, and we can think of no available alternatives that will remedy the problem quickly and usefully. We have developed a huge and thriving society; and in the process we deforest huge sections of land for living and livestock grazing. This decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; possibly adding to global warming though the greenhouse effect. This mass population produces mass amounts of waste, so to deal with that we just throw it into the ground, which in turn contaminates our water supply and contributes to further deforestation. We develop motorized transportation; and then burn non-renewable fossil fuels that put lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, excess carbon dioxide, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere (Skjel & Whorton 95-108). This produces dangers like smog and cancer and contributes to global warming. In the production of fuel we exhaust o... ...the environment, but how badly we?ve endangered ourselves. The environment is not possibly headed towards disaster, we are. Works Cited * American Chemical Society. Chemistry in Context. New York: Primis Custom Publishing, 2000. * Crichton, Michael. Jurassic Park. New York: Baltine Books, 1990. * ---. The Lost World. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, Inc., 1995. * Curran, Roger and Lawrence Haw. Environmental Issues in the 21st Century. 2001: http://www.library.thinkquest.org/C0127068.html. * Michaels, Patricia A. Environmental Philosophy: Good for the wallet, Good for the Soul, Good for Nothing. http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/aa031697.htm. * Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. * Skjei, Eric and M. Donald Whorton. Of Mice & Molecules. New York: The Dial Press, 1983.

On Feminism and Postmodernism Essay -- Feminist Sociology Essays

On Feminism and Postmodernism It seems fitting that the 'marriage' of feminism and postmodernism is one fraught with both difference and argument. The fact that these disagreements occur within the realm of the intellectual undoubtedly puts a wry smile on the face of either party. While feminism and postmodernism share several characteristics, most notably the deconstruction of the masculinised western ideology, feminism chooses to place itself within the absolutism of the modernist movement. While feminism argues for the continuation of the subject/object dichotomy, aiming largely to reverse the feminine position of the latter to the former, postmodernism would have the modernist movement deconstructed in its entirety, including all such metanarratives. Postmodernism also champions the fragmented self, the idea of a unitary 'whole' existing only within a fictitious reality. This idea is one which feminism has taken up in recent years. In this era of postfeminism, new avenues are being sought to spread the ideals of feminism and the potential of possible vehicles, such mass media, are being realised. However, when using mass media, such as television, in such a fashion, the intellectualizations of the highbrow modernist/feminist movements have been largely stripped away, leaving little but an easily digestible skeletal foundation. The aim of such a method is to target a younger demographic than traditional critique would usually focus upon. The television program Buffy the Vampire Slayer is such a vehicle, presenting feminism in a postmodern form 'for the masses'. While this works to reveal an 'acceptable', albeit feminist, perspective of gender and identity, following such an avenue problematises both feminism and ... ..."Vampires, Postmodernity and Postfeminism: Buffy the Vampire Slayer", Journal of Popular Film and Television, vol. 27, no. 2, Summer 1999, pp 24 - 31. Vint, Sherryl, "'Killing us Softly?' A Feminist Search for the "Real" Buffy", Slayage, The On-line International Journey of Buffy Studies, http://www.slayage.tv/essays/vint.html, accessed 15/4/2002, 9.05 am. Whedon, Joss, Audio Commentary: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Season One, Welcome to the Hellmouth & The Harvest DVD, 2001. Wilkinson, Sue ed., Feminist Social Psychologies: International Perspectives, Open Universities Press, Buckingham, 1996. Filmography: Smith, Charles Martin, Welcome to the Hellmouth, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Episode 1.1, 1997. Kretchmer, John T., The Harvest, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Episode 1.2, 1997. Whedon, Joss, The Gift, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Episode 5.22, 2001.

Skin Color in Black Like Me :: Black Like Me Essays

Black Like Me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Skin Color    What is the value of skin color?   In the biological point of view, it is worth nothing.   In the social point of view, it represents community standings, dignity, confidence or something people have never imagined.   In the story Black Like Me, by John Howard Griffin, a white Southern reporter, who is the author and the main character, experienced an unforgettable journey in the Deep South.   Mr. Griffin has a heart, which is filled with curiosity; he therefore undertook a significant project.   He took several medical treatments to change his skin pigments from white to black in order to write a report. To create a successful project, Griffin had to leave his wife to be a temporary African American.   Being an African American brought him many unfair encounters.   However, after he changed back to a Caucasian, the attitude of everyone had immediately turned, and they treated him well.   Mr. Griffin felt bad, and he told everyone about his experiences by writing book s and attending press interviews.   Throughout these hard times, one can read this book and find out the characteristics of the author, how he saw the light bulb, and the truth that he wanted people to understand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Griffin was a middle age white man who lived with his wife and children.   He was not oriented to his family.   He decided to pass his own society to the black society.   Although this decision might help most of the African Americans, he had to sacrifice his gathering time with his family.   â€Å"She offered, as her part of the project, her willingness to lead, with our three children, the unsatisfactory family life of a household deprived of husband and father† (Griffin 9). Leaving Mrs. Griffin and his children would deprive them of the care they needed.   Even though he was not oriented to his family, he was full of courage.   He was willing to discuss topics that people hesitated to talk about, trying new ideas that people were afraid to do.   After turning back to his own skin color, he attended most media conferences and also wrote books about what he had gone through.   During those interviews, Griffin was ve ry considerate.   He requested Wallace, a reporter, to report carefully so that he would not hurt his African American friends.   â€Å"Please†¦ Don’t mention those names on the air.

Who Won the Social War (Ancient Rome)

Who won the Social War? The allies war with the Romans involved hundreds of thousands of men and lasted for three years, this war was a turning point for Rome's political relations with its allies and was significant in the fact that Rome had to readjust politically. When looking at the Social War many confine the meaning of victory in terms of the battlefield, missing out on a vital aspect of war, the terms of peace and the political outcome.It cannot be determined, whether an army, even if victorious in individual battles, decisively won the war, or whether their success on the battlefields' was believed to be temporal and not immune to change. This essay will attempt to investigate the question, backed up by literary evidence from the likes of Appian, Livy and Polybus. It would be logical to first assess what the aims of the Italian allies were in making war on Rome, then to determine whether their objectives were met and on what terms.The causes of the Social War are commonly see n as Rome's refusal to grant Roman citizenship for the Italian allies. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought alongside Rome in several wars, overtime they began to chaff under Rome's autocratic hand, desiring the privileges and better equality the citizenship would bring them. Events came to a head in 91 BC following the assassination of the Roman tribune Marcus Livius Drusus, who attempted to pass a legislation that would have given citizenship to all Italians and settled a number of disputes.They saw the citizenship as vital to their business' abroad and saw an opportunity for fairer treatment by the Roman senate, ‘Their desire to become Romans reflects the success of Rome in unifying them in sentiment and was stimulated by the Cimbric war and by the career of Marius', indeed many saw the citizenship as their due for the sacrifices on their behalf for the expansion of Rome, † At the same time†¦ the consuls send their orders to the allied cities in It aly which they wish to contribute troops, stating the numbers required†.Furthermore, the Italians ‘preferred Roman citizenship to possession of the fields', Rome's policy of land distribution had led to great inequality of land ownership and wealth and led to the â€Å"Italian race†¦ declining little by little into pauperism and paucity of numbers without any hope of remedy†. After the murder of Drusus, one of the last pro-Italians, the Italians began preparing for war: â€Å"The first act of war was by Picentes, who killed proconsul Quintus Servilius in the town Asculum, with all Roman citizens who were in this town. The people put on the war dress†.Dispute arises over the exact aim of the Italians in the Social War, what is important to note however, is the fact the Italians were not impatient and undiplomatic; their revolt was their final resort. ‘Even at the very last, when they had already taken up arms, the insurgents were to make one more appeal to the senate to concede the franchise', this is backed up by Appian â€Å"The Italians in despair of any other remedy, went on with their mobilization†. A commonly accepted view is that the rebels were fighting in order to share in the Roman citizenship, Empire and power, going further than local autonomy.Indeed, there were many close ties between Italian and Roman aristocrats, running deeper than just trade and business ties. Another view is that the Italians wanted a complete autonomous state as shown by the creation of an independent capital and coinage, and the risk on their part of inciting a war on such a large scale, â€Å"they had forces in common amounting to about 100,000 foot and horse. The Romans sent an equal force against them, made up if their own citizens and of the Italian peoples who were still in alliance with them†.Many see the allies choice of creating their own coinage as a potent one, the choice of their designs can be interpreted as thei r solidarity with one another and their hostility towards the Romans, as shown by the depiction of eight men holding swords towards a pig- a way of making a sworn oath in ancient Italy. However, this can be open to interpretation, the creation of a new coinage would have most likely been necessary for purchasing supplies and paying and feeding troops. The images on the coins can be viewed as effective propaganda, aiming to remind the soldiers the justice of their cause.It can also be argued that a new capital (Italia) was not in fact a desire of the allies to break from Rome when looking at the military nature of the creation of Corfinium. Corfinium was an important base of operations, that offered space to hold and distribute supplies, a large source of food and water . Strategically Italica was necessary to the Italian war effort, the allies needed bases like Corfinium when fighting Rome, whose endless resources were an invaluable asset to their military progress.The new allied go vernment, was modelled closely on the Roman government, this indicates the high respect the Italians held for the Roman constitution and the doubt cast on the claims that the allies wanted the destruction of Roman rule or a complete separation from it, in addition, a strong argument can be established in relation to the Italians having a vested interest in the continuation of the Roman Empire, Italian businesses benefited from trade and land investments.The most significant indication that the allies were fighting for Roman citizenship rather than autonomy, is evidential in the depth of Roman power and the likelihood that Rome would be more successful in battle â€Å"Quintus Caepio†¦ was besieged and successfully repelled his enemies†¦ Consul Lucius Julius Ceaser fought successfully against the Samnites†. Rome had larger military supplies and a larger force than the allies, as shown by the fact that they were able to reinforce their armies with considerable speed.Mo st importantly however, Rome had a huge treasury helped by the spoils of so many wars, which dwarfed anything that the allies could attempt to bring together. This, including the fact that the network of roads across Italy were all centred around Rome, did not give the allies firm belief that they could eventually defeat Rome, or permanently separate themselves. The benefits the Italian allies enjoyed from Rome's empire made it unlikely that they would want to destroy an empire in which they themselves had so much at stake, and to which they contributed a considerable amount to its formation.Rome's predominant influence was extremely well established and its continuity was favourable to Italian interests. Therefore, the rebellion of the allies should not be viewed as an attempt to end Rome, or divorce from it, as shown by the death or exile of the majority of pro-Italian politicians in Rome, the allies had no other alternative to assert their political interests in Rome than war. Th e outcome of the Social War was for the Italians to gain Roman citizenship, if one can accept that citizenship was the intended aim rather than separation.The Italian vote was to begin with, less than the proportion of their population, the allies were all grouped into separate tribes and assigned less voted than the 35 Roman tribes. But, the Italians were eventually joined into the Roman tribes and Italy unified. It is not likely that the allies were rooting for total victory in the Social War in order to achieve their aims, for they did not underestimate the power of Rome. Their previous loyalty had undoubtedly helped Rome win the Second Punic War, the Romans were able to recover losses and rebuild its forces hrough the sources of arms, manpower and money, a lot of which came from its allies. However, the Social War challenged the stability Rome felt in its allies, what is important is the fact that although Rome ‘won' military speaking, but the allies were victorious in ter ms of diplomacy and social standing. The fact that the allies never strayed from their goal and eventually achieved it is extremely courageous and admirable. Bibliography Brunt, P. A. Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War', in Fall of the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1988), pp. 90-109. Brunt, P. A. ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution' revised in Fall of the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1988), pp. 240-80. Brunt, P. Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (Oxford, 1971). Bagnall, N. The Punic Wars (London, 1990). Gabba, E. Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies (Oxford, 1976). Goldsworthy, A. The Army at War, 100 BCAD 200 (Oxford, 1996). Frier, B. W.Roman coinage and army pay: techniques for evaluating statistics (1981), pp. 285-295. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. IX (2nd ed. ) p188. Scullard, H. H. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68 (London, 1982). Salmon, E. T. ‘Notes on the Social War', in Transactions and Proceedings of the Ame rican Philological Association (Michigan, 1958), pp. 159-184. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. See Brunt. ‘Italian aims at the time of the Social War' p. 90. [ 2 ].See Polybus, 6. 21, 4-5. [ 3 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 3. 21 p. 42 [ 4 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 1. 9 p. 19 [ 5 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 72 [ 6 ]. See Brunt, ‘Italian aims at the time of the Social War' p. 93 [ 7 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 5. 39 p. 76 [ 8 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 5. 39 p. 76. [ 9 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 37, chapter 2 . [ 10 ]. See Livy Periochae Book 73 1-7 [ 11 ]. See Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 9. 2nd Ed. p. 188 [ 12 ]. See Appian The Civil Wars 14. 116 p. 225

Development Programs

Development programs are important for groups and organizations, as they support useful changes and improvements. The advantage of using development programs is that they structure the improvements in a way that is efficiently manageable and easy to implement. However, different circumstances make for a different approach for a development program to be effective. Thus, individuals, groups, and organizations as a whole have different requirements. In developing programs, there are also three important elements that can be taken into consideration. There is goal setting, behavior modification, and team building.Each can be used solely or complement each other for an individual, group, or organization to achieve its goals. Individuals Development programs for an individual give focus on the person and his differing needs. According to Miller and Osinski (1996), individual development programs aim to patch shortcomings and instigate improvements in an individual who needs development, a s well as institute improvement on all individuals for the benefit of himself and his role. In treating an individual, his needs and the way that these needs differ from those of other people are given consideration.This is an especially important fact when making a development program geared towards influencing individual persons. There should be more weight put on what can interest each of the target audience of the program to achieve success. A needs assessment begins the program. The individual is evaluated from which his needs are known. This needs become the basis of the training and development customized for him. The program is designed and implemented, though changes may be instituted from time to time to fit the changing individual.After the program, the individual and the program are evaluated to find out if the development program has been effective, and if improvements may be necessary. Groups Development program for groups, on the other hand, has a different focal poin t. Avelino and Lifton (2001) assert that group programs in organizations help increase the productivity of the individuals involved in the organization. However, the group shall have to be a work team first who is both effective and efficient. When this has been accomplished, the group which is now a team can start with their development program.A group’s development program begins with an acquaintance stage for the members of the team. It is only when the members already know about each other that they can effectively communicate. When this has been done, a brainstorming can be called to order. The brainstorming is where ideas and objectives come from. These ideas define what roles and tasks can be divided to each member on the next stage, the norming phase. When each member has been delegated, members start working and consulting each other about how the work can be done. Finally, members verbally accept or modify the tasks put on them.(Avelino and Lifton, 2001) Group devel opment programs focus on tasks. Thus, most items included in this program are based on job descriptions, assessments of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and abilities (KSA), identifying and evaluating the standards of performance, work performance observations, and identification of problems of each individual if there are any. (Miller and Osinski, 1996) In facilitating so, needed solutions can be instituted properly and timely. Organizations In organizations, development programs go through phases to be accomplished.There is also an assessment of the organizational needs, but apart from that there is a study of the objectives of development instruction, development instruction design, the implementation stage, and the evaluation of the program. (Miller and Osinski, 1996) The needs assessment creates a foundation for the development program. This is where topics of instruction or development focus will be based. The needs of the organization, however, differ from that of individualsâ⠂¬â„¢ and groups’ in such a way that many of their developmental needs are based on organizational vision and missions.This includes the needs of the individuals who are part of the organization as well as the need of the organization as a whole. Development programs for organizations also needs to follow a set of instruction objectives based on the organization’s assessed needs. These objectives are instructed following an instruction design which will be the way the program is carried out in the implementation stage. After the implementation, an evaluation of the program shall be done to identify the successes of the initiative as well as improvements that may be in order.Organizational development programs also take into consideration factors which are outside of the workplace such as political and lawmaking changes, organizational changes, environmental effects, and goals that the organization is ready to focus on. Development programs for organizations are led by senior administrators, human resources managers, or a group of people directly managing the organization. In all types of development program, whether it is for an individual, group, or an organization, the evaluation is a key developmental stage.The evaluation phase enables the proponents of a program to know if each of the target participants of development has been properly reached by the program, and if they learned anything from it. Miller and Osinski (1996) states that evaluations determine if the objectives developed in the beginning of the program were achieved, know how the participants of the program react to it, what the participants learned and how much, and how well are they willing and able to bring what they have learned from the program.There are many ways in evaluating a development program in an organization. There can be a written examination, a one-on-one interview/observation, an open-group discussion, a feedback solicitation process such as using a feedback for m or a feedback forum, or there is also the post-program observation to determine if objectives were met and if goals were absorbed by the participants of the program. Goal Setting Goal setting, behavior modification, and team building are necessary business processes that allow organizations and individuals to improve.They are essential in development program in that goals make focus possible, behavioral modification makes positive behavior remain, and teams allow for synergy and cooperation. While they may have interrelated and even similar purposes, each of them are different in their own respects. Each has different characteristics as well. Goal setting, for instance, gives a person, a group, or organization a focal point. With focus, it is easier for a person to know what his priorities are, and how these priorities can be implemented.Goals also give motivation, and helps one identify if the goals are smart, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Goals may be in a personal, group, or organizational level. (Personal goal setting, 2007) On a personal level, goal setting is focused on what an individual assumes to achieve in a specific period of time. It may be a short-term goal he aims to achieve now or in a matter of days or weeks, or a mid-term goal achievable in a matter of months, or a long-term goal set for accomplishment in years.The goal may concern oneself or what oneself wants to do toward another person or thing. As well, the goals of an individual are often smaller in scale compared to those set by a group or an organization. (Personal goal setting, 2007) On a group level, goal setting takes the needs and wants of a group. Before these goals are set, it is important that disagreements have been reconciled. The group must have carried out an agreement of what their goals will be. This will avoid any later problems that may arise.When goals have been agreed on and set out, this is the time when the members can delegate tasks and commit to each. It differs from individual goal setting because this time the goals do not concern any one person’s interest but the collective interest of the members of the group. An organization goal setting is wholly different as it gives focus on the vision and missions of the organization. In the absence of this, the needs and wants that the management would like to achieve is where the organization can base goals.The organization may create these goals from the individual needs of the workforce, or of the company as a whole. Organizational goals, when set, are then studied so that implementation and instructional techniques are identified and put into place. These goals differ from individual goals because they have no focus on one person, yet differ from group goals as well because goals are based on the needs of many groups under the organization’s care. Behavior Modification Behavior modification, on the other hand, uses a rewards system.The thrust of this is that rewarding positive behavior increases the occurrence of such behavior. Thus, when individuals are productive and achieve results, behavior modification allows the, to enjoy the fruits of their labor through compensation. For instance, an employee who exceeds the standards required of their position receives bonus compensation. In doing so the management encourages them to continue their exemplary performance, while also influencing those who are underperforming, or just meeting their standards equally, to compete and do the same.(Behavior modification, 2007) Team Building Team building is done to make group function effectively, and avoid pitfalls as each of their members function together as one. For team building to be successful, each member should follow a singular goal and focus on it. Every member should be functioning towards the implementation of these goals. Each member of the team should have a clear task, and should know how to efficiently carry out these tasks. (Te am building, 1995) It is not enough for a group of people to assemble to be called a team.Teams require a special bonding and correlation. Otherwise, they are called plainly as a group. This also denies the members the opportunity to work in synergy with the other members of the group. Without this synergy, the group will have no focus and goals will be hard to achieve. Cooperation is the key premise of team building. Cooperation means that team members should be responsible of their assigned tasks, as well as be sensitive about other members who may need help. This is because should one of these assignments fail, the whole team will not work. References Avelino, J. and Lifton, H. 2001. How to develop a group into an effective work team. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.aednet.org/ced/feb99/people_points.htm Behavior modification. 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://add.about.com/cs/discipline/a/behavior.htm Miller, J. and Osinski, D. 1996. Training needs assessment. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.ispi.org/pdf/suggestedReading/Miller_Osinski.pdf Personal goal setting. 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.mindtools.com/page6.html Team building. 1995. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/teambuilding.htm      

Subliminal Messaging

My first reaction to this assignment was if I actually believed in subliminal messages myself. I decided I didn’t but after I did further research, I was shocked. I watched you-tube videos and looked at pictures online of advertising. The biggest shock I found was in the Disney movies. After replaying certain scenes in movies I witnessed subliminal messaging first hand. Most of the messages were sexual references and I was actually quite disturbed by it. For example, in a scene of â€Å"The Little Mermaid†, as Arial was walking up to the podium with her husband to be the priest got an erection. You can clearly see it happening. I never noticed it before until I started doing research on subliminal messaging. I did further research on other Disney animated movies and I found that there were a lot more ‘sexual’ subliminal messages in the movies and advertising that you don’t notice unless you are actually paying attention. Which brings me to my next point, Dr. Brahrami states â€Å"If the brain is busy it can filter our subliminal things. The brains response to subliminal messages is not automatic and depends on how much attention the person is paying†. And that’s when I decided I completely agree. I think since I was actually paying attention and watching out for subliminal messages, I could see them. Most of the time when I’m watching movies I don’t see the sexual, demon or drug related messages companies are putting in their movies and advertising. Which leads me to my question, why would a company based on children put sexual things in a movie made for kids?! Well, then I started to think it was a coincidence to I did more research and found out there was a huge debate during this time when the Arial scene with the priest came out. What I found was that it was the priest’s knee. So for my conclusion of this paper, I think you interpret what you want to see. If your brain is actually searching for these messages, your brain will see what it wants to see.

Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology Essay

Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology is based on the concepts and applications of electromagnets to enable propelling of an object. This is perhaps the most researched and worked on areas of electric propulsion with greatest possible application in public transport as well as advanced aerospace propulsion systems. For public transport, it’s been a magnetic levitation technology which is also known as Maglev that has transformed the vary way of public transport. Electromagnetic Propulsion Technology based Magnetic levitation transport is a form of transportation that relies on electromagnetic force for suspension, guidance and propelling. This technology when applied for mass transit system can enable transportation at 500 to 600 km/h (Bonsar, p1; Jahn & Choueiri, p134) . As a concept, magnetic levitation train was developed by a German Scientist Hermann Kemper and on Aug. 14, 1934, the patent was granted. But it was in Britain, world’s first magnetic levitation service was introduced as a link between two terminals at Birmingham airport. The distance was of 400 meters with top speed at around 10-mph. In Germany, the TRANSAPID project connects Berlin and Hamburg. The train will move with a speed of 292 kph and would cover the distance of 292 km in flat 60 minutes. In Japan, the advancements have led to the feasibility of moving trains at a speed of 500 kph and on a 7-km test track began in Miyazaki Prefecture, the manned two-car vehicle has been tested and found to register a speed of 400.8 kph in 1987 and a maximum speed of 531 kph in a manned vehicle run on December 12. Again in 1999, the train attained a maximum speed of 552 kph in a manned vehicle run (Maglev, p8). Maglev follows the system levitation based vehicular movement on the guide way while using electromagnetic forces between super conducting magnets on the vehicle and coils on the ground. This enables the train to move or float about 10 mm above the guide way on a magnetic field. The train as whole is propelled by the guide way and hence there is no on board engine to pull the train. The whole pulling is enabled through the switching of magnetism. Its basic principle could be understood with the help of magnets. As it is widely known that in case of magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel. This principle of attraction and repulsion actually forms the basics behind electromagnetic propulsion based Maglev technology. Electromagnets are used in the above mentioned technology and temporary magnetic pull is created and objects are attraction through a small magnetic field. The three vital components to this system are: A large electrical power source Metal coils lining a guideway or track Large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train  ­In the above mentioned list of components, one can figure out that the train doesn’t need any engine and hence this is the most important difference between the maglev trains and other conventional trains. The train as a whole is not pulled in a particular direction rather they are propelled and guided in the magnetic field created by electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track (Bonsor, p2). Conclusion: As it has been already mentioned, Maglev is the short for magnetic levitation according to which floating and guiding of trains is enabled as per the principles of magnets. Maglev has its own set of advantages as well as disadvantages. The primary advantage of a maglev train is that of maintenance. As the train floats along and there is no contact with the ground and also there are no moving parts, the possibilities of any wear and tear get reduced. The trains as well the track would rarely need any maintenance and hence the higher cost of installation gets compensated in long run. Apart from this, the other important advantage is the total reduction of friction and noise which actually translates into high speed and extremely fast mode of transportation (Maglev, p 28). Now comes the disadvantages; Maglev guide paths are more costly than any conventional railways system when installation comes into picture. This disadvantage gets amplified with the fact that Maglev system requires a complete new set of infrastructure. The railways infrastructure available for usage is of no use for implementing Maglev and hence a totally new set of system would be implemented. The conventional system would lose its utility and couldn’t have a mutual existence with maglev (Maglev, p 28). Hence, after a very careful and thorough research, the final verdict is that the Principle of Magnetic Levitation when applied for mass transit would transform the way people move in the future and might provide an able substitute of all expensive air transport. Reference: Bonsor, K. â€Å"How Maglev Trains Work†. 2008 Jahn, R. G. â€Å"Ã’Physics of Electric Propulsion,Ó† McGraw-Hill, New York. 1968 Magnetically Levitated Trains (Maglev) http://www.123eng.com/seminar/Magnetically%20Levitated%20Trains%20(Maglev).pdf Jahn, Robert G. & Choueiri, Edgar Y. â€Å"Electric Propulsion† Encyclopedia of Physical Science    and Technology, Third Edition, Volume 5 2002